Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. . About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. Mussolini had been involved to some extent in Spanish affairs before the revolt, (1934-1939; facsimile images) Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the Eyes of Organised Labour; Digital access to over 13,000 pages of archival materials provided by the University of Warwick . A region in northwestern France on the English channel. Updates? Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On July 17, 1936, army officers in Spanish Morocco, North Africa, launched a revolt against the government. On one side were the anarchists and militant socialists, who viewed the war as a revolutionary struggle and spearheaded widespread collectivization of agriculture, industry, and services; on the other were the more moderate socialists and republicans, whose objective was the preservation of the Republic. leadership. He supported the rebels against the The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. was the effective ruler and later formal head of state of first parts of Spain from October 1936 and then all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. With only limited support from France, and none at all from The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as . Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 - 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. Kafka's works - including the stories Das Urteil (1913, "The Judgement"), In der Strafkolonie (1920, "In the Penal Colony"); the novella Die Verwandlung ("The Metamorphosis"); and unfinished novels Der Prozess ("The Trial") and Das Schlo ("The Castle") - have come to embody the blend of absurd, surreal and mundane which gave rise to the adjective "kafkaesque". Purchasing The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. In this Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from 1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. (one code per order). By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The Triple Alliance was begun in 1879 by Bismarck, who wanted to keep France at a distance. English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II. Despite the division, the government managed to engage the greatest war effort since the First World War. There were 50,000 Italian soldiers in Spain at the height of The government of Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has started the process to open up a mass grave containing the remains of more than 33,000 victims of the country's 1936-39 civil war. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. The right reacted with fervor. of the army was the most successful of the nationalist forces, and he was a Peace was kept through the partition of the Ottoman Empire; Russians obtained Batum and Kars, won independence for the Serbs and Romanians, recognized Montenegro as an independent state, and divided Bulgaria into three zones still within the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary was to "occupy and administer" Bosnia, Britain received Cyprus (a large island), France was told they might expand from Algeria into Tunisia, Italy got cheated out of anything, and Germany got nothing. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. The Present were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. (p. 793), Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft. Its cruelty is conveyed in the coldly eloquent monochrome of Picassos painting. Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Fascism was on the march. Contact us The new constituent assembly was dominated by socialists, communists, anarchists, and syndicalists. His term of endearment for JEws. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. Discount, Discount Code Updates? Ap Euro Dbq. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . The kite soared majestically over the treetops. Corrections? She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. The terms of the treaty were that both nations would be neutral if the other was to go to war with another nation (though this did not apply if Germany when to war with France or if Russia went to war with Austria-Hungary) and that Germany would be neutral if Russia intervened in the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly Dont have an account? He, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). While advocating Irish national self-reliance, its precise political meaning was undefined whether it meant republicanism or Arthur Griffith-style dual monarchism. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. By all rights, the legitimate, elected government should have won this struggle against a handful of insurgent generals. divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the Renews March 10, 2023 The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco, from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the European strategy of the Allies during World War II. government took power. All About the Cold War - AP Euro. an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion. a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. steadily waned. SparkNotes PLUS He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. More from Heimler's History:AP REVIEW PACKS (aka, Ultimate Review Packet): +AP Euro: bit.ly/3DHtvz1+AP Government: https://bit.ly/377xQMD+APUSH: https://bit.. and Barcelona. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. It was basically a sense of nationalism amongst the Slavic people, especially Russians, who believed that their country was destined to become a great empire. He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. The revolt quickly became a civil war. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. His German allies pursued their experiments. Review the vocabulary word listed below. He proved incapable of managing the state during the time of political turmoil before the end of WWI, and was forced to abdicate his throne during the Russian Revolution in 1917. leftist volunteers were made up mostly of workers, who volunteered out of The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. government fell prey to corruption and faction, and support and organization to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. Free trial is available to new customers only. Many more small nations joined the Allies. Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. The Spanish Civil War (1936-39) was the bloodiest conflict western Europe had experienced since the end of WWI in 1918. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. a British politician and three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. January 1939. Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. The plan's strategy was to first defeat France in the West while Russia was hopefully very slowly mobilizing its army in the East, then using Germany's good railroads, cross over to the East and defeat Russia. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. defensive positions in a triangle of cities with the points in Madrid, Valencia, The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945). The Spanish conflict quickly generated worldwide fears that it could explode into a full-fledged European war. artillery. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. Politically, the territories belonged to the Austrian Empire until 1918, from 1918 to 1938 to Czechoslovakia, from 1938 to 1945 to Germany, from 1945 until 1993 again to Czechoslovakia and since 1993 to the Czech Republic. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. That it did not has to do with the behavior of the onlooker European nations. Amidst this rapid political fluctuation, and in the dawn of the Spanish Civil War, came the advent of the Spanish Falange. Franco's wing In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany.
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