He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. A virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Subscribe here. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. Rajatarangini s first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. The Journal of Asian Studies Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). ). In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. epic poem What is the best compliment to give to a girl? He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. After his death, the queen committed. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it section. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. The Rajatarangini is an epic poem (mahakavya) in Sanskrit running into nearly 8000 verses that are spread over eight books or sections. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. Hence the correct answer is Option B. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. field of Asian Studies. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. translator of the Rajataragini. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. university presses. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). Omissions? Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Has data issue: true He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. 23 February 2011. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? Son of Aksha. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. His family ruled for many generations. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Request Permissions. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Hiranya died childless. Nothing is known about his origin. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Son of Ajitapida. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. It is by late Vidwan T.K. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth sultan of Kashmir. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Answer. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Report Error Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Deposed by the minister Shura. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Duke University Press publishes approximately one hundred books per year and Discuss, Ram Mohan Roy was given the title of Raja by. Verse 11. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Updates? View Answer By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana.
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